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Dalian Salt Chemical Group Bromine Production Co., Ltd. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Dalian Salt Chemical Group Co., Ltd., specializing in bromine production and deep processing. It operates within the basic chemical raw materials manufacturing sector (National Economic Industry Classification C2611), focusing on the interdisciplinary domain of marine chemical engineering and chlor-alkali chemical engineering. The company serves as a key implementation entity for Dalian Salt Chemical Group’s “Comprehensive Marine Resource Utilization Industrial Chain” and its strategic initiative of “Co-extraction of Salt–Bromine–Magnesium.” Its core business involves extracting, refining, and purifying elemental bromine (Br₂) from its own deep underground brine resources and conducting preliminary processing of downstream bromine-based chemicals, with an annual production capacity of approximately 3,000 tons. Its products include industrial-grade and high-purity bromine (≥99.9%, conforming to GB/T 12805–2021), widely applied in specialized fields such as flame retardants, pharmaceutical intermediates, pesticides, and oilfield additives. Leveraging the Group’s salt pans and brine extraction systems, the enterprise maintains stable raw material supply. Technologically, it employs the air-blowing method coupled with dual-tower absorption, and has independently optimized acidification and oxidation control parameters, establishing mature operational experience tailored to high-magnesium, low-bromine brine; related standards have been incorporated into the “Liaoning Province Marine Chemical Engineering Technical Code (Trial).” The company holds valid “Work Safety Production License” (Liao WH An Xu Zheng Zi [2023] 02-0876) and “Pollutant Discharge Permit” (91210282MA0YF7XH7L001V), and has obtained ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management System Certification. As a key chemical enterprise in Liaoning Province, it participates in the marine economic innovation demonstration project “Efficient Extraction of Brine Resources and Ecological Disposal of Tail Liquids,” approved by the Dalian Municipal Development and Reform Commission. Its customers include A-share listed companies’ supply chains, such as Shandong Tianli Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. and Jiangsu Fumiao Technology Co., Ltd. Currently, its business is concentrated in Northeast and North China regions, providing stable supply, customized purification, and technical adaptation cooperation to bromine application enterprises, chemical formulation manufacturers, and green process collaboration partners.

Dalian Fuzhouwan Salt Field Wudao Chemical Factory is located in Pikou Subdistrict, Pulandian District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Dalian Yanhua Group Co., Ltd., established in 2003. The company operates in the marine resource comprehensive utilization and fine chemical manufacturing sectors—industries explicitly encouraged by the Chinese government. Currently, it is in a development phase emphasizing both stable operations and technological upgrading. Its registered capital is RMB 50 million, and its corporate status is “in existence.”  

The company’s core business focuses on the research and development, production, and sales of marine chemical products. Its key products include industrial bromine (annual capacity: 3,000 tons), sodium bromide, calcium bromide, and magnesium chloride—bromine- and magnesium-based inorganic chemical raw materials widely applied in flame retardants, pharmaceutical intermediates, oilfield auxiliaries, and water treatment chemicals. Its core technology is based on a counter-current multi-stage air-blowing–acidification–absorption–purification process chain, featuring proprietary intellectual property rights in efficient enrichment of marine brine and low-temperature distillation for bromine extraction. The company holds one invention patent titled “A Method for Continuous Bromine Extraction from Bittern Seawater” (Patent No.: ZL201810294567.3) and four utility model patents, totaling five patents. Its bromine recovery rate reaches 96.8%, exceeding the industry average of 92%; its comprehensive energy consumption per unit product is reduced by 18.3% compared to traditional processes.  

The company has obtained ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management System Certification (Certificate No.: 00122Q31234K5) and the “National Industrial Product Production License” (XK13-014-00128). Its bromine products comply with the national standard GB/T 1280-2021 and passed the Clean Production Audit Verification conducted by the Liaoning Provincial Department of Ecology and Environment in 2024.  

Notable achievements include supplying customized bromide raw materials to listed companies such as Jiangsu Yak Technology Co., Ltd. and Shandong Tian’an Chemical Co., Ltd.; participating in Sinopec Shengli Oilfield’s “Domestic Substitution of High-Density Calcium Bromide Kill Fluid” project (2023–2025), where its supplied calcium bromide solution meets API RP 13I standards; and jointly establishing the “Joint Laboratory for High-Value Utilization of Marine Brine Resources” with Dalian University of Technology in 2024, undertaking the Liaoning Provincial Key R&D Program project titled “Key Technologies for Synergistic Extraction of Bromine and Magnesium from Low-Grade Brine.”  

Its products are exported to South Korea, India, and Southeast Asian countries, with export revenue amounting to approximately RMB 21 million in 2025, primarily shipped via Dalian Port through foreign trade agents, conforming to SN/T 2107-2022 and REACH regulation pre-registration requirements. Domestically, its products serve 23 downstream enterprises across Liaoning, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang provinces, achieving a customer repeat-purchase rate of 86.4%. Public records indicate that the company does not hold engineering design qualifications, EPC general contracting capability, or overseas branches; its primary cooperation models include raw material supply, technology licensing, and joint R&D.

Dalian Xinshiji Gas Co.,Ltd., located in Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, is a regional urban gas infrastructure service provider approved by the Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of Liaoning Province and holding a valid Gas Business License (License No.: Liao 202302010001G). The company specializes in pipeline gas transmission and distribution, gas sales, installation of gas facilities, and operation & maintenance services. It is currently in normal business operation, with registered capital of RMB 50 million, possessing a stable local franchised operating foundation and capability to implement livelihood projects. Its core businesses cover four areas: natural gas supply to residential and commercial/industrial users; renovation of indoor gas facilities; renewal of aging urban gas pipelines; and operation & maintenance of intelligent gas safety monitoring systems. The company has deeply participated in Dalian’s “Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Cylinder-to-Pipeline” livelihood project and aging gas pipeline renewal and renovation projects. Its service recipients are concentrated in certain subdistricts of Ganjingzi District and chemical industry supporting gas-consuming units, small- and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises, and public building energy systems within surrounding industrial parks. Its core capabilities include full-cycle execution capability for GB1-class pressure pipeline installation (license valid until 2026), standardized construction and operation & maintenance management supported by the ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management System, and integrated delivery experience—covering aging pipeline assessment, design, construction, and intelligent monitoring—developed through government special projects. It can provide complete technical services ranging from pressure regulating cabinet group installation, medium- and low-pressure gas pipeline laying, to SCADA remote monitoring terminal deployment; however, publicly available information does not indicate its capability in chemical process package development, specialized equipment manufacturing, or independent software platform construction. Regarding qualifications, it holds ISO 9001:2015 certification issued by China Quality Certification Centre (Certificate No.: 00122Q31234R1M, valid until December 18, 2025) and a GB1-class pressure pipeline installation license (License No.: TS3821033-2026) issued by the State Administration for Market Regulation. It has not disclosed ISO 14001/45001 system certifications, High-Tech Enterprise status, or “Specialized, Refined, Distinctive, and Innovative” (Zhuan Jing Te Xin) qualification. A representative project is the “Hongqi Subdistrict Gas Facility Safety Improvement Project,” for which it won the bid in November 2024 (bid amount: RMB 3.867 million), undertaking tasks including upgrading gas connection conditions for industrial users within the area and installing safety interlock systems. Its business scope is limited to the northern and western peri-urban areas of Dalian’s main urban district. Publicly available information shows no overseas investment, overseas project experience, or cross-border technical service records. Its collaboration models include localized engineering implementation, participation as a consortium member in government-specific procurement projects, or provision of gas infrastructure services to chemical industry parks.

Dalian Xin’an Energy Co., Ltd. is registered in Ganjingzi District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province. It is a national high-tech enterprise specializing in distributed energy system integration, integrated energy services, and application of novel energy storage technologies. Its industry classification is “Electric Power, Heat Production and Supply” (D4410). Since 2019, the company has entered a phase of scaled development and has completed delivery of 27 commercial and industrial energy storage projects across Liaoning, Hebei, and Shandong provinces, with a total installed capacity reaching 136.8 MWh.  

The company’s core business focuses on energy optimization scenarios for chemical industrial parks and large-scale industrial enterprises on the user side. Specific offerings include investment, construction, and operation of commercial and industrial user-side energy storage power stations; design and EPC general contracting of photovoltaic-storage-charging integrated microgrid systems; development of Energy Management Systems (EMS); and intelligent energy托管 services. Typical clients include process industries with high energy consumption and high flexibility requirements for load adjustment—such as petrochemicals, coal chemical processing, and fine chemical manufacturing.  

Its core technical capabilities encompass: high-precision joint estimation algorithms for lithium battery State-of-Charge (SOC) and State-of-Health (SOH); plug-and-play communication protocol adaptation modules for heterogeneous multi-source energy equipment; and an edge-side lightweight EMS platform. The company holds six authorized invention patents, 19 utility model patents, and 14 software copyrights. It has passed third-party testing by China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI) (Test Report No.: CEPRI-TEST-2024-EN0883).  

The company holds the following qualifications: Grade III General Contracting Qualification for Electric Power Engineering Construction; License for Installation (Maintenance/Testing) of Electric Power Facilities (Grade IV for Installation, Grade IV for Testing); and ISO 9001/14001/45001 integrated management system certifications. It has established the Liaoning Provincial Enterprise Technology Center (certified under Document No. Liao Xin Gong Fa [2022] 187 issued by the Liaoning Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology).  

Representative projects include: (1) the comprehensive energy retrofit project for Dalian Ice Mountain Group in 2023—featuring combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) plus energy storage—with a total investment of RMB 120 million and annual peak-shaving and valley-filling electricity volume of 18.6 GWh; and (2) the 12 MW / 24 MWh user-side energy storage peak-shaving project at Hengli Petrochemical Park, selected in 2024 for the demonstration project list issued by the Liaoning Provincial Energy Administration.  

Public records indicate no foreign direct investment, international engineering contracting experience, or overseas subsidiaries. Its current business operations are confined to China’s Bohai Rim Economic Circle. Cooperative models include EPC general contracting, technology licensing plus engineering implementation, customized development of intelligent energy platforms, and full-lifecycle operation & maintenance (O&M) outsourcing.

Dalian Zion Technology Co.,Ltd. is registered in the Songmu Island Chemical Industry Park, Puwan New Area, Dalian City, Liaoning Province. It is a technology service enterprise specializing in industrial information security and a national high-tech enterprise currently in the stage of large-scale application and deep industry expansion. The company’s core business covers security testing of industrial control systems (ICS) for critical infrastructure in the chemical industry, firmware security analysis of embedded devices, in-depth parsing of industrial protocols and modeling of anomalous behaviors, and provision of customized security protection solutions for coal chemical, petrochemical, fine chemical, and environmental protection enterprises. Its clients include State Grid Liaoning Electric Power Co., Ltd., China Huaneng Group Northeast Branch, and Dalian Shipbuilding Industry Group Co., Ltd.—major energy and heavy-industry customers. Its core capabilities are embodied in its proprietary “SiAn-FirmwareScan” firmware static analysis platform and “ICS-DeepSight” dynamic behavior simulation sandbox, which support source-code-free reverse engineering and zero-day vulnerability identification for Siemens S7-1200/1500, Rockwell ControlLogix, and Schneider Modicon series PLC firmware, and achieve deep compatibility with domestic hardware such as LoongArch-based Loongson 3A5000 and Phytium D2000, as well as domestic operating systems including Huawei EulerOS and UnionTech UOS. The company has obtained dual certifications for ISO 9001:2015 Quality Management Systems and ISO/IEC 27001:2022 Information Security Management Systems; holds the “Commercial Cryptography Product Certification Certificate” (GM005220240008); is listed in the “Recommended Directory of Cybersecurity Level Protection Assessment Institutions” (DLP-2025-LN-037); and has been designated by the National Industrial Information Security Development Research Center as an “Industrial Information Security Emergency Service Support Unit.” Representative achievements include: serving continuously from 2022 to 2024 as the contractor responsible for industrial control asset mapping and risk assessment tasks at the Liaoning Provincial Node of the National Industrial Information Security Monitoring and Early-Warning Network; delivering full-lifecycle security hardening services for the Train Control and Management System (TCMS) of CRRC Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co., Ltd., with results selected for inclusion in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology’s “2023 Typical Cases of Data Security Management Pilots in the Industrial Sector”; and completing, in 2024, the protocol stack compatibility security audit of the Russian SCADA platform within the China-Russia cross-border energy pipeline automation system joint defense project, resulting in the bilingual (Chinese-Russian) “White Paper on Interoperability Security for Cross-Border Industrial Control Systems.” Leveraging the China–Northeast Asia Cybersecurity Cooperation Mechanism, the company has established a technical response liaison point in Astana, Kazakhstan, providing localized industrial control security assessment services to the five Central Asian countries, primarily through collaborative technical validation, joint standard research, and emergency support—publicly available information does not indicate direct export sales or establishment of overseas subsidiaries.

Dalian Wafangdian Ganghua Gas Co., Ltd. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Towngas Smart Energy Co., Ltd. (1083.HK) established in Wafangdian City, Liaoning Province. It is a regional urban gas franchise operator specializing in urban gas transmission and distribution as well as integrated energy services. The company’s core businesses include piped natural gas supply, retail of bottled liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and compressed natural gas (CNG) refueling services for vehicles. Its service scope further extends to sales and installation of gas appliances, energy management outsourcing for industrial and commercial customers, distributed energy consulting, and intelligent upgrading of aging gas pipelines—offering comprehensive solutions. Leveraging Towngas Group’s nationwide gas network and standardized management system, the company has constructed over 420 kilometers of medium- and low-pressure gas pipelines covering Wafangdian’s main urban area and parts of its townships, serving more than 180,000 residential customers and over 2,100 industrial and commercial customers. Equipped with remote monitoring, leak early-warning, and load forecasting capabilities, the company has completed an upgrade of its citywide SCADA system and replaced 32,000 IoT-enabled gas meters, implementing the “Smart Grid Project.” It holds the “Gas Business License” (Liaoning Gas Business License No. [2023] 028, valid until June 2028) issued by the Liaoning Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, strictly adheres to national and industry standards including GB 50028 and CJJ/T 153, and has obtained certification under ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and ISO 45001 management systems. In recent years, in alignment with Dalian City’s “14th Five-Year Plan” for clean energy substitution, the company has advanced rural gas connection projects in areas such as SANTAI Township and Xietun Town, completing gas supply to a total of 17 villages. It provides services—including secure and reliable gas supply, intelligent pipeline operation and maintenance, clean energy substitution consulting, and customized integrated energy service cooperation—to local governments, industrial parks, industrial and commercial customers, and energy service providers.

Dalian Jinzhou Kunda Paint Factory is located in Jinzhou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province. It is an individually operated business established in 2005 and currently listed as “in operation” in official registration records; however, it has been continuously included on the List of Enterprises with Abnormal Operations since July 2023. Its primary business involves the sale and processing (limited to branch operations) of coatings (excluding hazardous chemicals), supplemented by trading in construction and decoration materials as well as hardware, electric, and electronic products. Publicly available information indicates no record of established branches, a long-standing zero-employee social insurance enrollment count, and failure to submit annual reports for four consecutive years (2022–2025). No records regarding production qualifications, environmental permits, industry certifications, intellectual property, or technological achievements are found on authoritative platforms including the National Enterprise Credit Information Publicity System, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment’s Emission Permit Platform, the China Coating Industry Association Directory, or the China Patent Publication and Announcement Network. Its core business focuses on trade and simple processing of general-purpose architectural and industrial protective coatings, primarily serving local small- and medium-sized construction and decoration projects, routine maintenance of general industrial plants, and regional building material distribution channels; there is no publicly verifiable evidence indicating its participation in high-barrier application scenarios such as coal chemical engineering, petrochemicals, fine chemicals, new materials, or environmental protection engineering. Regarding core capabilities, publicly available information does not indicate autonomous process package development, EPC project delivery, complete equipment manufacturing, integrated automation control systems, specialized equipment design and manufacturing, or professional operation and maintenance technical service capabilities; nor does it disclose specific implementation scopes or delivered case examples related to heat/cold exchange equipment, separation equipment, electrical/electromechanical systems, or supply chain integration. Concerning standards and qualifications, no valid publicly available credentials are found, including ISO management system certifications, hazardous chemical registration certificates, work safety production licenses, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) coating industry access qualifications, High-Tech Enterprise status, or “Specialized, Refined, Distinctive, and Innovative” enterprise recognition. No publicly disclosed typical performance records exist—including project names, client identifiers, or facility-level delivery documentation—and no details are provided regarding specific project types, scale metrics, or deliverables. Regarding international and regional presence, publicly available information shows no cross-border business activities, overseas project deliveries, multilingual technical adaptation capabilities, or consortium collaboration experience. The enterprise’s currently verifiable operational substance is confined to regional circulation and basic processing of non-hazardous coatings; cooperation modalities are limited exclusively to spot purchases, custom color-matching, and localized small-batch supply. Platform users seeking engagement must rigorously verify its actual performance capability and on-site processing conditions.

Dalian Architecture Science Research & Design Institute Co., Ltd. was established in 1990, originally as the Dalian Municipal Architectural Scientific Research Institute. It completed its shareholding reform in 2016 and is a science-and-technology-oriented survey and design enterprise under state-owned control by the Dalian Municipal Government. Its registered address is No. 3 Chunliu Street, Shahekou District, Dalian City, Liaoning Province. The company focuses on the engineering technical service subsector within the construction industry, combining the attributes of a scientific research institution with the functions of a market-oriented design institute. Its core business covers architectural engineering surveying, design, consulting, testing and appraisal; research and development of green building and energy-saving technologies; application of Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology; research and promotion of prefabricated construction technologies; and technical services for renovation of existing buildings and urban renewal. Its technical strategy emphasizes an integrated approach of “research + standards + engineering,” focusing on three key directions: low-carbon construction, digitalization, and age-friendly design. Regionally distinctive technical expertise has been accumulated in areas such as optimization of exterior wall insulation systems for severely cold regions, carbon emission calculation models for existing buildings, and standardization of connection nodes for prefabricated interior finishes. In terms of qualifications, the company holds Grade-A credentials for architectural engineering design (architectural engineering specialty) and Grade-A credentials for specialized engineering surveying (geotechnical engineering specialty); a Special Equipment Inspection and Testing Institution Approval Certificate (for building construction); and all 12 specialized qualifications for construction project quality testing. It is recognized as a High-Tech Enterprise in Liaoning Province (valid until 2026) and has obtained ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and ISO 45001 management system certifications. As of the end of 2024, it holds seven valid invention patents, 32 utility model patents, and 15 software copyrights. It has led or participated in drafting six local standards of Liaoning Province and contributed to explanatory notes for relevant clauses of national standards. Representative projects include the expansion and reconstruction project of Dalian No. 24 High School (full-process consulting + BIM collaborative design), the Donggang Business District Ultra-Low-Energy Office Building Demonstration Project (awarded First Prize in the 2022 Liaoning Provincial Green Building Innovation Awards), the Seismic and Energy-Saving Renovation EPC Project for Rural Houses on Changhai County Islands, and five consecutive years of technical support for safety hazard identification of urban and rural residential buildings in Dalian City. Its service coverage focuses primarily on Liaoning Province but extends across the three northeastern provinces (Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang). Cooperation models include technical consulting, joint R&D, co-development of standards, Engineering-Procurement-Construction (EPC) general contracting, full-process engineering consulting, and testing and appraisal services.

Dalian Chemical Design Institute Co., Ltd. Southwest Branch is registered in Chengdu City, Sichuan Province. It is a branch of Dalian Chemical Design Institute Co., Ltd., established in accordance with the company’s regional development strategy. As a specialized chemical engineering technical service enterprise possessing comprehensive engineering design qualifications, the branch is currently in a stable growth phase and is not an independent legal entity; all its business activities and legal liabilities are borne by the parent company. The branch focuses on industrial demands in western China—specifically energy and chemical engineering, fine chemicals, environmental remediation, and novel energy storage materials—and serves as a regional technical support platform delivering full-process engineering consultancy, process package development, engineering design, and digital delivery services for the Southwest region. Its core businesses include engineering design of petrochemical and coal chemical plants (including Class A and B process units), preparation of specialized safety facility design documents for hazardous chemical production construction projects, collaborative support for environmental impact assessments, engineering design and digital delivery of intelligent control systems (DCS/SIS), and digital delivery (PDMS/SP3D). Its service scope covers phosphorus chemical engineering, fluorosilicon materials, lithium battery precursor supporting engineering, and integrated treatment projects for exhaust gas and wastewater at industrial park level. Core capabilities include process package development based on Aspen Plus/HYSYS process simulation and CFD flow field analysis; safety design driven by HAZOP/SIL classification analysis; and digital delivery integrating 3D modeling with smart construction site platform data interoperability. The branch has successfully engineered the commercial application of five utility model patents—including “A Multi-Stage Cyclone Tower for Absorbing Fluorine-Containing Exhaust Gas”—and one software copyright: “Chemical Plant Safety Risk Dynamic Assessment System V1.0.” The parent company holds Grade-A qualifications for engineering design in the chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries (Certificate No.: A121002575), GC1/GC2 pressure piping design permits, and is certified under ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015, and ISO 45001:2018. All externally issued design documents are stamped by the parent company and signed by registered chemical engineers. Representative projects include: engineering design for a 20,000-ton-per-year lithium iron phosphate solvent recovery unit in Mianyang, Sichuan; process package development for the EPC project of deep purification and resource utilization of yellow phosphorus tail gas in Qiannan, Guizhou; and feasibility studies and preliminary design for a centralized VOCs treatment project at a biotechnological fermentation industrial park in Zhaotong, Yunnan. All these projects are traceable via the National Investment Project Online Approval and Supervision Platform and local ecological environment departments’ environmental impact assessment public disclosure systems. Public records indicate no overseas operating entities or international engineering projects. Currently, the branch’s business covers five provincial-level administrative regions: Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi. It supports diverse collaboration models, including consortium partnerships and technology licensing combined with engineering implementation.

Dalian Chemical Design Institute Co., Ltd. Shenyang Branch is a branch established by Dalian Chemical Design Institute Co., Ltd. in Shenyang City, Liaoning Province. Leveraging the parent company’s accumulated expertise in chemical engineering technical services since 1958, the branch positions itself as a comprehensive engineering technology service provider addressing the green and intelligent transformation needs of Northeast China’s old industrial base. Its core business covers engineering consulting, engineering design, engineering procurement and construction (EPC) contracting, and full-process technical services across sectors including chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and environmental protection industries. Key application areas include upgrading fine chemical production facilities, hazardous waste treatment projects, VOCs control initiatives, construction of pharmaceutical intermediate workshops, and circular transformation of industrial parks. Its core capabilities stem from the parent company’s Class-A qualifications and an integrated quality management system: holding Class-A engineering design qualification for the chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries (A121002215), Class-A credit rating for engineering consulting firms (specializing in chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical fields), and design permits for pressure pipelines (GA/GB/GC categories) and pressure vessels; fully certified under ISO 9001, ISO 14001, and ISO 45001 management systems (with valid CNAS registration). In recent years, it has consistently delivered representative projects, including: capacity expansion of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) synthesis workshop for a biopharmaceutical enterprise in Liaoning Province (commissioned in 2022); upgrading and standard enhancement of a comprehensive wastewater treatment plant at a chemical industrial park in Jilin Province (passed environmental inspection in 2023); and a deep purification system for fluorine-containing exhaust gas at a fluoromaterial enterprise in Inner Mongolia (delivered in 2024). Service coverage spans northern provinces and municipalities including Liaoning, Jilin, and Inner Mongolia. Primary collaboration models comprise technical consulting, specialized design, and EPC contracting. All business operations strictly adhere to the parent company’s unified standards and procedures; no overseas engineering projects have been undertaken.